Since the early 90s, the role of NPY in mediation of stress and anxiety has been consistently shown (reviewed by Heilig149 and Reichmann et al150), with NPY gaining popularity as the “stress-resilience” molecule151 following a series of preclinical studies highlighting its anxiety-relieving properties.152, 153, 154, 155, 156 The presence of NPY in the LC has been well established, with several early studies demonstrating its direct colocalization with LC noradrenergic neurons,113,157,158 and in close proximity to LC cell bodies and synapses,67 at least in the rat. Here, NPY is linked to Anxiety.