GFAP and Alzheimer disease: In the current investigation, AlCl3-induced neurotoxicity in AD-like rats led to increased levels of Aβ1-42, p-tau, GSK-3β, and GFAP along with decreased levels of SIRT-1, BDNF, and CX3CL1 proteins, causing neuronal degeneration and amyloid deposition in the nerve cells of the hippocampus, which was investigated by the histopathological findings.