Short-term enhancement of endogenous NIS expression in breast cancer cells using ATRA/Dex (29, 55) or HDAC inhibitors (56, 57, 58) with induction of PM NIS through NMT1/Src inhibition to cooperatively promote NIS function before giving RAI represents a promising treatment option that would overcome potential toxicity issues with long-term administration of these and other drugs. This evidence concerns the gene HDAC9 and breast cancer.