APOL1 and HIV-associated nephropathy: Nevertheless, we found that Nef could also synergize with APOL1-G0, making it toxic at 22°C (Fig. 1), consistent with clinical studies showing that people of West African genetic ancestry living with a high HIV viral load can develop HIVAN even if they do not carry an APOL1-RA (Kasembeli et al., 2015).