In addition, several HIV-Tg mouse models showed that the HIV accessory protein negative factor (Nef), is a key determinant of HIVAN pathogenesis (Kajiyama et al., 2000; Ray et al., 2003; Zuo et al., 2006; Lu et al., 2008; Xie et al., 2014; Hu et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene S100B and HIV-associated nephropathy.