People living with HIV-1 that carry two copies of the APOL1-RA have a ∼50% lifetime risk of developing HIVAN (Kopp et al., 2011; Kasembeli et al., 2015; Rednor and Ross, 2018), and poorly controlled HIV-1 infection is the most powerful factor known to contribute to APOL1-associated kidney diseases (Kasembeli et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene APOL1 and HIV-associated nephropathy.