APOL1 and infection: Our fly model has limitations, including that it is based on the ectopic overexpression of APOL1 haplotypes, which can affect the intracellular localization and cytotoxicity of APOL1 (Baumann et al., 2004; Li et al., 2017), and bypass the infection of renal cells and the effects of other HIV genes and circulating cytokines acting as additional risk factors.