DMD and chromosomal disorder: Carriers manifest moderate to severe symptoms in cases of skewed X-inactivation (in which the X-chromosome with the intact DMD gene is preferably inactivated), gross chromosomal rearrangements involving translocations between parts of the X-chromosome with the intact DMD gene and an autosome, or, rarely, when they also have Turner's syndrome (a chromosomal disorder in which an affected female has a single X-chromosome) (Soltanzadeh et al., 2010; Viggiano et al., 2016).