Methods: The study divided 236 participants into four groups: healthy controls (n = 59), Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) < 30 mg/g (n = 80), microalbuminuria (L-DKD) with ACR 30–300 mg/g (n = 41), and macroalbuminuria (H-DKD) with ACR ≥ 300 mg/g (n = 56). Here, ALB is linked to diabetes mellitus.