It utilizes inactivated Cas proteins that specifically bind to, but do not cleave, the target DNA or RNA sequences.46 In a study by Cao et al.,47 inhibition of bladder cancer cells was achieved by fusing dCasX to the transcriptional repressor structural domain Krüppel associated box (KRAB) to silence the oncogene c-Myc, or by fusing dCasX to the potent transcriptional activator domain viral protein R to upregulate the tumor suppressor gene TP53. This evidence concerns the gene MYC and urinary bladder cancer.