KEAP1 and cancer: Many cancer types show constitutive activation of NRF2, often due to mutations in KEAP1 or NRF2 itself [107], this persistent activation leads to the upregulation of cytoprotective genes [108], which can neutralize chemotherapy-induced ROS [109], enhance drug efflux via transporters like multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) [110], maintain redox homeostasis even under chemotherapeutic pressure [86].