In the TME, TGF-β can promote suppression of the anti-tumor immunity by inducing polarization of macrophages towards the M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype, inhibiting the release of IL-2 by naïve T cells to prevent proliferation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and NK cells, and inducing cancer-associated fibroblasts to release interleukin-11 (IL-11) that can increase the metastatic capacity of cancer cells (78–81). Here, IL11 is linked to neoplasm.