TGFB1 and neoplasm: Additionally, targeting immunosuppressive elements of the tumor microenvironment—such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and immunosuppressive cytokines (e.g., TGF-β, IL-10)—using small molecule inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, or gene editing techniques has shown synergistic effects with cancer vaccines in preclinical studies (79, 80).