TGFB1 and neoplasm: In contrast, M2 TAMs, polarized by Th2 cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-13, IL-10), secrete immunosuppressive factors (IL-10, TGF-β, PGE2), express scavenger receptors, and produce pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF, FGF, PDGF), actively supporting tumor growth, angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, and immune evasion (38) Metabolic reprogramming underpins the functional divergence between M1 and M2 TAMs.