The TME is composed of tumor cells, immune cells (such as TAMs, TILs), stromal components, and cytokines, etc., and drives tumor progression through multiple mechanisms: Immunosuppressive cells (M2 macrophages, Tregs) weaken the anti-tumor immune response; Remodeling of the extracellular matrix promotes invasion and metastasis; Factors such as TGF-β and TNF-α mediate immune escape and chemotherapy resistance (5, 6). Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.