The MNCs-mediated PDT treatment led to persistent production of free radicals by promoting the polarization of macrophages into pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, electron-hole dissociation efficacy, and stimulating a systemic immunological response against the tumor (287) However, concurrent adaptive immune resistance was observed with the MNCs-mediated PDT treatment, which was typified by increased expression of PD-L1 on tumor tissue, macrophages, and DCs. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.