Pro-fibrotic lncRNAs such as lncRNA-LOC103691771 and lncRNA-IAPF promote FMT via TGF-β/SMAD signaling (Cai et al., 2020; Zhang J. et al., 2022), with lncRNA-H19 acting as a ceRNA to sponge miRNA-let-7a or miRNA-29a-3p thus accelerates macrophage M2 polarization in arsenic-induced PF (Xiao et al., 2021; Bu et al., 2023). Here, TGFB1 is linked to pemphigus foliaceus.