AQP4 and Stroke: Beyond studies directly demonstrating that TMS enhances AQP4 polarization to improve glymphatic function in AD models (Lin et al., 2024; Lin et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2022), additional evidence from murine stroke models suggests that TMS can also induce astrocytes to shift from an A1 to an A2 phenotype (Zong et al., 2020; Hong et al., 2020; Zou et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2025; Hu et al., 2023).