Conversely, multiple variables were not significantly associated with postoperative AKI,.These included demographic factors (male gender, age), physiological parameters (height, weight), preoperative laboratory values (Hb, creatinine, uric acid), intraoperative measures (anesthesia duration, surgery duration, fluid intake/output, blood loss), hematological indices (PLT), hepatic function markers (ALT), surgical approach (laparoscopy, operation scale), and pre-existing medical conditions (pre-HTN, pre-CHD, pre-DM, pre-PVD, pre-HF). Here, GSTM1 is linked to acute kidney injury.