HMOX1 and Cognitive impairment: In another IH model in vitro and in vivo, GLP-1 analogue liraglutide’s protective mechanisms in combating cognitive deficits associated with CIH was via the Nrf2/HO-1 and MAPK/NF-κB pathways [14].The PI3K/Akt signaling system is essential for cell growth, apoptosis, translation, and metabolism.