To evaluate whether sucralose intake affected the efficacy of anti–PD-1 ICI, we evaluated three separate cohorts of ICI-treated patients spanning a spectrum of histologies and stages: ICI-treated advanced melanoma, ICI-treated advanced NSCLC, and high-risk resectable melanoma treated with neoadjuvant ICI and the TLR9 agonist vidutolimod (Supplementary Fig. S1A). This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and melanoma.