High daily intake of acesulfame (>0.10 mg/kg/day) had a similar trend toward lower ORR and poorer PFS in ICI-treated melanoma and NSCLC, as well as lower MPR and RFS in high-risk resectable melanoma treated with ICI and TLR9 agonist (Supplementary Figs. S2D-L). Here, TLR9 is linked to melanoma.