The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that pretreatment with NMN downregulated the NF-κB and TNF signaling pathways, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and other signaling pathways closely related to bacterial infection in BMDM after hvKP infection (Fig. 3C). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and bacterial infectious disease.