In a multi-institutional study, researchers found that in patients with NSCLC, RCC, or urothelial carcinoma being treated with d PD-1/PD-L1 mAb had significantly different outcomes based on if they had also received antibiotics proximal to the first cancer treatment.[40] Progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were lower in those patients who took a course of antibiotics compared to those who did not. Here, CD274 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.