INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: In vivo data from mice showed that after 5 weeks of high-fat feeding (week 0 of the intervention experiment), the fasting blood glucose level of the NC group was 4.27 ± 0.18 mmol/L, while the blood glucose level of mice fed a HFD exceeded 11.1 mmol/L alongside impaired insulin tolerance, confirming the successful establishment of the T2DM mouse model (Fig. S2).