TNF and osteoporosis: The modulatory effect of GNS on intestinal homeostasis (Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices, PCoA, and F/B ratio) was demonstrated in an OVX mouse model of osteoporosis, which then restrained the metabolism of microbiota-related TMAO (betaine, choline, creatinine, carnitine, TMA, and TMAO) and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [TNF-α, IL-6, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)], thereby inhibiting bone loss induced by estrogen deficiency.