TNF and depressive symptom measurement: In the lipopolysaccharide-induced depression model, DHM significantly alleviated depression-like behavior in mice, reduced the expression of the microglial marker CD11b, and dose-dependently inhibited the secretion of inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (Wei et al., 2022).