Additionally, utilizing Seahorse XF assays to delve into the immunometabolism of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), research has shown that exposure to secondhand e-cigarette vapor significantly impacts macrophage metabolic profiles in both CF and non-CF cells; notably, vape exposure blunted macrophage basal respiration, an effect partially rescued by CFTR modulator therapy (ETI), while concurrently increasing glycolytic metabolism, a change unaffected by ETI treatment (Wisniewski et al., 2025). This evidence concerns the gene CFTR and cystic fibrosis.