While anti-tumor T cell subsets, such as T_C1_Cytotoxic cells, were enriched in the low-PCD group, the high-PCD group exhibited a significant accumulation of exhausted T cells, characterized by the expression of exhaustion markers such as LAG3, HAVCR2, CTLA4, TIGIT, and CXCL13. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.