In addition, a study has shown that the remodeling of the immune niche, exemplified by the formation of fibroblast activation protein–positive cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and exhausted T cells, or SPP1+ TAMs (SPP1+ Tumor-Associated Macrophages) and THBS2+ CAFs, also contributes to immune resistance (9). Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.