Analysis of the immune cell interaction network showed that the anti-tumor module (M1) was driven by cDC2 cells for antigen presentation, while the pro-tumor module (M2) consisted of a core motif formed by Macro_SPP1, Macro_C1QC, and CD8_Tex_C1 cells, which dominated immune dysfunction and were regulated by the interaction module (M3). Here, SPP1 is linked to neoplasm.