The SC group received the GEMCIS regimen (cisplatin + gemcitabine), the SCP group received the same GEMCIS regimen combined with PD-(L)1 inhibitors, and the HAIC group underwent Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy (HAIC) with a FOLFOX regimen, alongside PD-(L)1 inhibitors and lenvatinib. The treatments were administered over 3-week cycles, with variations in the inclusion of immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies in the latter two groups, and the use of HAIC in the HLP group. Here, CD274 is linked to hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans.