Moreover, it has been revealed that at the S proteins of at least two merbecoviruses, BtCoV/Ii/GD/2014–422 (BtCoV-422; a MERSr-CoV) (Tse et al., 2023) and MjHKU4r-CoV (MjHKU4r-CoV; an HKU4r-CoV) (Chen et al., 2023), both detected in a bat and a pangolin respectively, can use human DPP4 for infection. The gene discussed is DPP4; the disease is infection.