The main pathways of its anti-tumor effects include inhibiting ATP synthesis by affecting mitochondrial function to diminish mitochondria-mediated cellular bioenergetics 21, 32, inducing apoptosis in A549 cells through the mitochondrial pathway 28, inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation and regulating the expression of STAT3 target gene products 33, and inducing autophagy 31, 34. The gene discussed is STAT3; the disease is neoplasm.