Notably, TGF-β treatment during decidualization led to DTU events (p < 0.05) compared to DMSO, particularly in genes involved in mRNA processing and splicing, such as the hnRNP family85–87 (HNRNPA1, HNRNPA2B1, HNRNPC, HNRNPK, HNRNPR, HNRNPU), RNA-binding proteins (RBM4, RBM39), VEGFA-VEGFR2 signalling pathways, and hereditary leiomyomatosis (Supplementary Fig. 14a). Here, HNRNPA1 is linked to hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer.