PDCD1 and neoplasm: This leads to improved anti-tumor immunity.91 Preclinical studies have demonstrated that OX40 agonists can augment the efficacy of ICIs like anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4.509 Additionally, OX40 agonists have been shown to enhance the effects of traditional cancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy by promoting a more robust immune response against tumor cells.