A well-known example is the PD-L1, whose expression is often increased by oncogenic signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR.190 PD-L1 binds to T cells’ PD-1 receptor, giving an inhibitory signal that decreases T cell activity and helps tumor cells escape immune attack.57,191 This upregulation of PD-L1 represents a key mechanism by which oncogenes create an immunosuppressive environment, protecting tumor cells from immune-mediated destruction. Here, PIK3CA is linked to neoplasm.