The significance of this pathway in immune evasion is underscored by the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors that target this pathway.276 These inhibitors block PD-1 and PD-L1 interaction.57 Inhibiting this pathway allows T cells to target and destroy tumor cells, boosting anti-tumor immunity.57,277 These therapies’ effectiveness in cancers like melanoma, NSCLC, and renal cell carcinoma highlights the key role of this pathway in tumor-immune evasion.278. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.