CD274 and cancer: Factors within the TME can lead to the overexpression of these checkpoints on tumor and immune cells, allowing tumors to modulate immune responses.151 Inflammatory cytokines, particularly interferon-γ, have been shown to elevate PD-L1 expression, fostering an immunosuppressive microenvironment that restricts host immune responses.57,151 For example, a recent article showed that oxymatrine, a compound with potent anti-cancer activity, enhances the tumor immune response and ferroptosis in liver cancer.