TGFB1 and neoplasm: When administered to C57BL/6J mice, this epigenetically modified vaccine increased the proliferation of antigen-specific T cells, enhanced the cytotoxic activity of CTLs, and shifted the cytokine profile towards a Th1-type response, with increased IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion and reduced IL-4 and TGF-β levels.206,207 Furthermore, DNA methylation plays a critical role in modulating tumor resistance to immunotherapy by influencing immune evasion mechanisms.