PDCD1 and neoplasm: Their success has spurred the development of combination therapies, such as pairing PD-1 inhibitors with CTLA-4 inhibitors, which have demonstrated superior efficacy in cancers like melanoma but also carry a higher risk of immune-related side effects.388,395 Other strategies involve combining ICIs with VEGF inhibitors, chemotherapy, radiation, and adoptive T cell therapies to boost anti-tumor responses.