These cells release cytokines and other substances that suppress the activity of effector T cells and NK cells, which are critical for anti-tumor immunity.494,495 Emerging therapeutic approaches focus on selectively targeting these immunosuppressive populations to diminish their influence within the TME.494,496 For example, inhibitors of the CSF-1 receptor (CSF1R), which is expressed on TAMs, have shown promise in reducing the population of these cells, thereby alleviating their suppressive effects and reactivating anti-tumor-immune responses.497. This evidence concerns the gene CSF1R and neoplasm.