VSIR and neoplasm: For example, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), VISTA expression is elevated in the TME and is associated with increased immune suppression and resistance to checkpoint blockade therapy, highlighting its role in promoting tumor immune evasion and disease progression.75,76 In contrast, in colorectal cancer (CRC) and TNBC, high VISTA expression on tumor-infiltrating immune cells is associated with early-stage disease, favorable prognosis, and enhanced anti-tumor immunity.77,78 Given its role in immune suppression, VISTA is being explored as a therapeutic target.