PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and tolerability of these agents when used alone or in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.376 CTLA-4 inhibitors showed enhanced anti-tumor activity in various cancers, including NSCLC,377 and HCC.378 Ongoing studies, such as those evaluating AGEN1884, BMS-986218, and quavonlimab, continue to explore optimal dosing strategies, potential combinations, and long-term efficacy, aiming to further expand the therapeutic benefits of immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer treatment.