IL-10 is a cytokine primarily known for its anti-inflammatory properties, which are essential in preventing excessive immune activation and maintaining immune homeostasis.27,319 However, in cancer, the IL-10 pathway is frequently exploited by tumors to suppress anti-tumor immunity (Fig. 5d), thereby promoting immune evasion and facilitating tumor progression.28,320 Understanding IL-10’s dual role in immune regulation and immune evasion is critical for developing treatment techniques that can modify this pathway to boost anti-cancer immunity. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is cancer.