HLA-C and neoplasm: Upon administration, cancer vaccines introduce these antigens to APCs, which process and display them on their surface with major MHC molecules.396 This antigen presentation is crucial for activating CTLs, which then seek out and destroy tumor cells expressing the same antigens.396,397 In addition to activating CTLs, cancer vaccines also stimulate helper T cells and B cells, resulting in a comprehensive immune response that involves both humoral and cellular immunity.398 By inducing a memory response, cancer vaccines aim to provide long-term protection against tumor recurrence.