AKT1 and ductal breast carcinoma in situ: Lactate also promotes tamoxifen resistance in hormone receptor-positive breast cancers through AKT and c-MYC dependent mechanisms.9–11 Recent studies show that expression of glycolytic enzymes is upregulated in DCIS and IDC tissues, indicating that metabolic reprogramming occurs in early-stage breast cancer progression.12,13 Currently, it remains poorly understood what metabolic changes occur during early-stage disease progression and how these metabolic changes are regulated in breast cancer.