CCL2 and cancer: AMPK-mediated glycolysis was associated with changes in HK2 expression, which could be transcriptionally regulated through HIF1α-dependent mechanisms.64 AMPK may be tumor suppressive or tumor promoting and may either negatively or positively regulate glycolysis.65 Our data suggest that CCL2/HGF activation of AMPK is cancer promoting as it positively regulates glycolysis associated with increased breast cancer cell growth, survival, and invasion.