CXCR4 and cancer: Importantly, the synergy between these dual signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin and SDF-1/CXCR4) has been reported in other cancers, including breast (Hu et al., 2019), bladder (Le et al., 2019), lung (Ma et al., 2022), ovarian (Jung et al., 2018), and colorectal cancers (Zhang et al., 2019); intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (Todaro et al., 2014); and osteosarcoma (Wang et al., 2021).