However, Bcl-2 family modulation varies across cancers: fucoxanthin reduces Bcl-xL in melanoma (Kim et al., 2013) but spares it in PC-3 prostate cancer (Kotake-Nara et al., 2005), while HL-60 cells show no Bcl-2/Bcl-xL/Bax changes (Koch et al., 2024). Here, BCL2L1 is linked to cancer.