Furthermore, the S100 calcium-binding family gene markers for both CF and IPF, which act as chemokines for neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation (69–71), were upregulated, including S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 in endothelial cells, and S100A11 in epithelial cells. The gene discussed is S100A8; the disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.