TNF and ganglioneuroma: While anti-TNF-α mAbs have shown efficacy in experimental GN models at various stages of disease (4, 5), this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting the key CD4+ Th1 signature cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-γ, in experimental anti-MPO GN by administering inhibitors at time points corresponding to the known Th17- and Th1-dominant phases of disease.