NFKB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) directly contributes to the onset of CAC by maintaining an inflammatory microenvironment via cytokine feedback regulation, which promotes excessive proliferation of IECs and intestinal mucosal cells, thereby facilitating the transition from IBD to CAC (Wei et al., 2023).