LGALS3 and hydrops fetalis: Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1) original research articles evaluating the association between serum Gal-3 levels and mortality outcomes in chronic HF patients; (2) prospective or retrospective cohort studies, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), or observational studies with clearly defined endpoints; (3) studies reporting hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), or other effect estimates with confidence intervals (CIs); and (4) studies published in English.