CCL2 and HIV-1 infection: The enriched bacterial species in HIV-1 infection induce chemokines—like monocyte chemoattractant protein 1/C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1/CCL2), MCP-4/CCL13, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α/CCL3)—involved in the recruitment of monocytes to inflammation site, thus exacerbating the inflammation [51].