CCL2 and COVID-19: Recent studies have demonstrated that EBV promotes the production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) as well as the chemokines IL-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) through the TLR9–MyD88–NF-κB pathway, which are also major cytokines implicated in Long COVID and other inflammatory diseases, hence linking EBV, inflammation, and COVID-19 [69].