CD33 and viral infectious disease: The flow cytometry results show that the frequencies of CD14+CD33+ myeloid, early-progenitor myeloid-derived suppressive cells (e-MDSCs) that play a crucial role in immune suppression, particularly in cancer, chronic inflammation, and viral infections [67]), and the frequencies of CD3+CD8+ T cell populations were all significantly lower in co-culture with JiJoye-shIRF4 compared with JiJoye-shCtrl (Figure 5D).