The increase in cAMP level further inhibits the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, reduces the release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and IL-23, exerts an anti-inflammatory effect, and alleviates the symptoms of diseases such as atopic dermatitis (Figure 11). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atopic eczema.