CXCR4 and neoplasm: For example, ruthenium complexes combined with gemcitabine in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Panc185) models not only delayed tumor growth but also significantly reduced EpCAM+ epithelial tumor cells and the CD133+ and CD133+/CXCR4+ CSC subpopulations, reinforcing the translational relevance of these compounds [31].