VEGFA and cancer: Reduced ROS activates hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1-α), leading to the expression of genes essential for cancer growth, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors; high ROS levels can directly cause oxidative DNA damage [103] and interfere with the function of epigenetic modifiers, such as DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), resulting in both the hypomethylation and hypermethylation of DNA.