In fact, non-digestible forms of carbohydrates contain fiber, with beneficial effects on overall metabolic health including insulin sensitivity; on the other hand, an excess of mono- and disaccharides, typical of Western diets, shortens lifespan, contributing to an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, T2D, metabolic syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [25,28]. Here, INS is linked to metabolic syndrome.