This finding concurs with a previous study (2004) conducted on participants with T2D who were given doses of the French Maritime pine bark (Pcynogenol®) ranging from 50 to 300 mg on separate occasions and reported significant improvements in fasting and postprandial glucose, and HbA1c without any statistically significant changes in insulin levels, thus excluding the possibility of insulin secretion enhancement as one of the mechanistic actions of pine bark in improving glycaemia [25]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.