CCL2 and infection: BR15 infection induced a modest but statistically significant increase in TNF-α expression (p < 0.05) and a significantly higher expression of IFN-β1 (Figure 1D-a), IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 (Figure 1D-b), as well as the chemokines CCL2 (MCP-1), CCL5 (RANTES), and CXCL8 (IL-8) (Figure 1D-c), compared to MR766-infected cells.