Licorice flavonoid (LF) exerts gastroprotective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers by modulating 25 metabolic biomarkers linked to amino acid/carbohydrate metabolism and suppressing apoptosis through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway via key targets (HSP90AA1, AKT1, MAPK1, EGFR, ESR1, PIK3CA), as validated by integrated metabolomics, NP, molecular docking, and experimental assays [116]. Here, AKT1 is linked to gastric ulcer.