TNF and infection: Additionally, PRV-GXLB-2013 infection induced a highly significant upregulation in mRNA expressions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB p65, RIP3, and MLKL (p < 0.01), alongside a pronounced downregulation of IκBα (p < 0.01), in both brain tissues and C8-D1A cells.