Serum EVs in patients with TB can stimulate cells to secrete more immune cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, compared with those in healthy individuals; induce an increase in the M1/M2 ratio of macrophages in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of mice; and inhibit the colonization of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) in the lungs of mice. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is tuberculosis.