TNF and tuberculosis: At the cellular level, our results demonstrated that TB patients’ serum EVs can induce the strong expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in cells, which are closely related to the activation of immune cells [56,57], with the authors of some studies demonstrating that Mtb mainly interacts with host macrophages [58]; it is therefore assumed that TB patients’ serum EVs are also somehow associated with host macrophages.