TNF and tuberculosis: The experimental results demonstrate that, compared with the unstimulated group, both healthy and TB patients’ serum EVs induced high expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 and CT26 cells (Figure 4A–D); however, the TB patients’ serum group EVs induced higher expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in RAW264.7 and CT26 cells than those of the healthy group, suggesting that TB serum EVs can stimulate cells to produce more intense inflammatory responses.