For ten of the thirteen cytokines analyzed (IL-1, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-32, and IL-33), significantly higher concentrations were found in patients with end-stage ALD without HCC compared to controls, confirming the modulation of immune response in end-stage ALD without HCC. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and hepatocellular carcinoma.